But this is a physics paper, that isn't how you use uppercase delta in physics. It is just a range. In physics however you do a ton of approximations all the time in ways mathematicians hate (you don't care about errors smaller than you can measure), so uppercase delta is often approximated with derivatives etc, but it isn't a derivative. Math in physics is way more practical and uses very different techniques than math in math, often because physicists invented the math first and mathematicians later went and formalized it.