On my desktop computer that runs Linux, and where I mostly type code and write in English, I use US English as the input and a Dvorak-based layout in hardware that I made for my programmable keyboard.

Since I very rarely type in my native tongue on that computer, and I annoyingly frequently have had to reinstall the OS from scratch, I no longer bother with customizing xmodmap or similar things on that computer.

So the few times when I have to type æ, ø or å on that computer, I just Google aelig, oslash or aring respectively and I go to the Wikipedia article about the letter or some other page from the results that has the letter on it and copy it from there.

Works well enough given how rarely I type any of those letters on that computer.

With the Compose Key, which is a feature of all linux distributions:

compose + a + e = æ

compose + o + / = ø

compose + a + o = å

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compose_key

Something I find absolutely criminal is that this hasn't taken off in a broader sense, and that most users memorize the unicode terms for characters like ©, rather than just typing a simple, eminently memorable sequence like (compose + o + c)

Vim uses something similar to this which it calls digraphs (see :help digraph). http://vimdoc.sourceforge.net/htmldoc/digraph.html

Ctrl+k a e = æ

TIL. Thanks. I love how I keep learning new things about vim after years of daily usage.

You can also add your own digraphs. I've used this to make entering emojis easier, for eg.

    execute 'digraph :) 128578'

so that Ctrl-K :) in insert mode inserts . (`execute 'digraph :\| 128528'` => , `execute 'digraph /\ 128591' ` => , etc.) Edit: I guess HN strips emojis from comments? Just try these and find out which ones they are, I guess!

This was before I knew that the Julia plugin allows emoji entry too (\:<Tab>), but I still find this more convenient for the common ones because the names of emoji are all over the place.

Yes, I was so sad when I "upgraded" from Atari to Windows and I could no longer do this. That it's still not standard is a mystery.

It wasn't standard on Atari either but that it even was a thing 30 odd years ago shows yet again that we're not always as innovative as we think.

You might find http://wincompose.info/ helpful: it adds this functionality to Windows.

Thankyou! I wonder if there is some patent stopping this from being included in windows by default...

Microsoft Word does have compose, sort of(?). control+apostrophe followed by e results in é, for instance. I have no idea why it isn’t OS wide. It works some other places, but not all.

Windows most everywhere:

Hold ALT while typing the Extended ASCII number for a character on the numpad (not the row of numbers above the letters) results in that char.

For é: Hold Alt while typing 130 on numpad.

TIL, apparently this can be extended to unicode too.

https://superuser.com/questions/1024948/windows-10-alt-code-...

Yes, but learning numbers isn't realy comparable to be able to just guess the compose buttons. o¨ makes ö, ao makes å. If you want the copyright sign you type o+c.

True. Different compromises on capability vs usability.

Relevant excerpt for those wondering what "every Linux distro" means more specifically (xorg):

> On Xorg the default Compose Key is ⇧ Shift+AltGr [...] The X keyboard driver does not allow the key used for Compose to also function as a modifier.

Which might explain why my altgr doesn't seem to work when I try it since it's mapped to mod in i3.

Wayland uses XKB, as does everything else under the sun. XKB is the layer that implements the Compose Key (Actually, you need to configure it via XKB because other methods like ibus do not bother reading ~/.XCompose which allows you to set your own custom compose sequences)

A feature of only some keyboard layouts though? Ordinary US layout doesn't seem to have a compose key mapped by default.

It takes two seconds to map using Gnome Tweaks or something else (Usually XModMap). I map it to right alt which is usually AltGr and not used anyway, and it performs superior to AltGr

Works for Anglophones. For the rest of us, who have some keys on the right (near the Enter key) occupied by Å, Ä, Ö or similar, we need Alt-Gr to get curly and square brackets, backslash, etc.

I was thinking they meant "in Emacs" or "on a Macintosh" or something.

It's also worth giving your platform's character map a try if you haven't already. All the major desktop environments have one -- KDE, Gnome, Windows, macOS. Sometimes searching online is still faster, sometimes the character map app is faster.

> Since I very rarely type in my native tongue on that computer, and I annoyingly frequently have had to reinstall the OS from scratch, I no longer bother with customizing xmodmap or similar things on that computer.

A backup of your home fir, (or at least all dotfiles in it), etcd running on /etc (or $HOME too), and a list of packages that were installed might go a long way towards making setup after reinstall fairly trivial, and you might no longer feel like some customizations aren't worth it.

Another useful feature is some part of my environment (I've used it in Gnome 3 on both Fedora and Arch, but it doesn't work in RHEL; I'm honestly not sure what part of my stack is providing the feature) lets me pres Ctrl+Shift+U and enter arbitrary unicode. I've memorized the hexadecimal representation for a few common symbols and can enter them into basically any text field.

> I'm honestly not sure what part of my stack is providing the feature

It's Gtk. Gtk applications on Windows and macOS also use the same keybind to enter characters by Unicode code point. (It's kind of a pain if you use a lot of cross-platform applications, because you end up having to think a bit about what GUI toolkit the application is using before you can type a special character. “Does this one do the native thing or something else?”)

You could use US Intl. keyboard layout and use RAlt+z/l/w for æ/ø/å. If you have a QMK Firmware keyboard you could even reprogram it to use Alt + '/;/[ to send these keys and you'll have æ/ø/å in the usual position.

I'm almost in the same boat, though I use emacs' language-specific input methods for longer texts. The postfix input methods especially work great with Dvorak.

> and I annoyingly frequently have had to reinstall the OS from scratch

Is there a story behind that?

One of the reasons is that the computer in question has a problem where suddenly everything completely freezes, and I have to forcibly reboot the computer with the hardware reset button. And sometimes after rebooting I find that files on the file system have become corrupted.

Sometimes the machine will run for days without freezing up. Sometimes it can freeze up after just a couple of hours.

Sometimes I am browsing the web when it happens. Sometimes I am writing code and compiling stuff when it happens.

I think the longest uptime I have had on it after the problem started without it freezing has been maybe 8 days. It’s been like this for a long while. A couple of years at least.

And when it freezes it’s not just the UI. It even stops responding to ping.

A few months back someone suggested that it may be due to a faulty PSU. But even after changing the PSU to a new one, it still happens.

And it’s been happening both with different Linux distros and with FreeBSD.

My hardware is:

- MSI B350 Tomahawk motherboard

- AMD Ryzen 7 1700 CPU

- MSI GeForce GTX 1060 6GB graphics card

- Crucial DDR4 2133Mhz 32GB ECC (2x16GB) CT2K16G4WFD8213 RAM

I bought those components in March of 2018, according to the order history in my account on the store where I bought it.

I don’t remember if I ever did run a memory test, but I will do so again anyways soon because I am suspecting that faulty RAM may be the reason. It just takes a long time to run a memory test on 32 GB of RAM and so whenever I think about needing to run it I don’t have time to do so at that moment. But as I am typing this I realize that I’ve got to go ahead and actually find time for running it soon.

Another couple of ideas I’ve had is that maybe the graphics card or the nvidia drivers are to blame. Or that I may have damaged some component with static electricity at some point. Or maybe it’s a thermal issue.

I most recently did a fresh install earlier today, and at the same time I switched out the SSD that was in it for another one. As far as I can remember though, I think I was having this kind of problem even before I was using the SSD that I switched out today. But I am not sure about that. So it could be that the SSD was the problem. But it may be a few days until it freezes again if it’s not the reason. Or it could happen in some hours.

I’ve also tried to look for clues in /var/log/syslog but haven’t really known what to look for specifically. And since even pinging the machine stops working when it freezes I am not sure the system would even be able to write to any logs at the moment that it freezes, since it seems that at that point pretty much everything has stopped working.

Currently I am running tail -F /var/log/syslog in a terminal in the hopes of either seeing something relevant frozen on screen, or in the surrounding output when I reboot the machine since I will then know which line of output I should begin looking in the vicinity of.

But yeah, a memory test is the next thing I plan to do after that.

I *had* to get myself out of lurking mode to reply specifically to you; this issue seems widespread for 1st-gens Ryzen. I see your chipset also is close enough to mine (X370), and I felt a strong "déjà vu" by reading your freezing symptoms.

I reused my now old X370 Ryzen build to run TrueNAS Scale (Based on Debian), and have hard lockups like yours.

My personal notes on the subject seems to stabilize things a bit but not completely, and it's a mixture of BIOS Settings Tweaks and Kernel boot parameters that seems to help partially. Things I tried/applied with varying degree of success:

- Disabling Cool&Quiet

- Disabling C-States

- Gear Down Mode: Disabled

- Power Down Mode: Disabled

- VDDSCR_SOC: Offset by +0.00625v (seemed to stabilize things on Windows)

- Someone in the kernel bugreport mentionned the need to power off (as opposed to just reset) so all the BIOS Settings are applied correctly (didn't try it myself yet)

See those links for more infos:

- https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=196683 (a very long bugreport thread, people commented lots of things they tried to stabilize their build along with kernel parameters ideas)

- https://gist.github.com/diracs-delta/876d74d030f80dc899fc58a...

- https://web.archive.org/web/20201020144021/https://www.truen... (linked from Archive.org as TrueNAS WAS specifically mentionning Ryzen stability in the first paragraphs of this page)

Good luck; and if you ever found how to get rid completely of those freezes, let me know :)

(edit: formatting)

Thank you for emerging from lurk mode for me :) I will try those things.

I found some of the settings but not all of them, but here’s the ones I found, and changed now:

- Global C-state Control: Auto -> Disabled

- AMD Cool’n’Quiet: Auto -> Disabled

- CPU NB/SoC Voltage: Auto -> Offset Mode; CPU NB/SoC Offset Mode Mark: +; CPU NB/SoC Offset Voltage: Auto

(The offset value can only be auto with my machine, not a custom value it seems.)

Only ones I couldn’t find were Gear Down Mode and Power Down Mode.

Clicked save and exit in the UEFI.

Then I powered down the machine and even flipped the on-off button of the PSU to off and let it stay off for ~20 seconds for good measure. Then turned the PSU back on and then powered the machine back on.

Currently reading the bug report thread and will try some of those things as well.

Now I've read a bit of those links and also read a bit of the following other links:

- https://utcc.utoronto.ca/~cks/space/blog/linux/KernelRcuNocb...

- https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterp...

- https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Grub2/Setup

And I've changed the following line in my /etc/default/grub from:

    GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX=""

to

    GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="rcu_nocbs=0-15 processor.max_cstate=5"

since my CPU has 16 threads. And I've saved it and have run

    sudo update-grub

Now I'm about to reboot the computer and then hopefully it will be more stable from now on :)

Thanks again for the help bilange.

Having now turned the computer back on I've also confirmed that these flags are indeed now being passed to the kernel when it is booted, as seen in the output of

    cat /proc/cmdline

which shows the following:

    BOOT_IMAGE=/boot/vmlinuz-5.11.0-38-generic root=UUID=4dcba509-efff-4ccc-a099-f919240c767c ro rcu_nocbs=0-15 processor.max_cstate=5 quiet splash vt.handoff=7

And that's the "rcu_nocbs=0-15 processor.max_cstate=5" we added to our GRUB2 config shown right inside of there.

> It just takes a long time to run a memory test on 32 GB of RAM

Maybe run memtest while you sleep? :)

> Or maybe it’s a thermal issue.

I'm no expert on thermal issues by any means, but I did have a laptop that overheated frequently in the past. It was very easy to identify that it was a heat problem, because the fans would start screaming and then it would reliably overheat and power itself off anytime I tried to do anything CPU-intensive with it. Sticking it in a freezer "solved" the problem.

Anyway, given that your freezes are completely random, it doesn't sound like a thermal issue?

> Maybe run memtest while you sleep? :)

Yup, did that tonight. The test is finished now and it found zero errors. The test took 7 hours and 56 minutes to run. I used a bootable USB stick with MemTest86 v9.3 Free to test it.

Some ideas just in case...

- Even if the RAM modules are not faulty, ECC is not officially supported by your CPU and motherboard, right? So this could be a problem... They might also not be correctly configured, so check the UEFI settings.

- Regarding the GPU, you could try lowering your PCIe mode to a slower one, especially if you are using a riser cable.

- I have had overly bent SATA cables cause complete freezes every few hours on a brand new PC. I luckily got the hint quickly because the HDD LED was staying lit.

- What about the quality of the power going into your PSU?

- Have you tried rebooting more gracefully with the SysRq commands?

> Even if the RAM modules are not faulty, ECC is not officially supported by your CPU and motherboard, right?

Correct.

> So this could be a problem... They might also not be correctly configured, so check the UEFI settings.

Most of the settings in UEFI that I can find about RAM are related to overclocking, and I am not using those features.

But it may well be as you say that using ECC RAM with a non-ECC motherboard could cause problems.

> I have had overly bent SATA cables cause complete freezes every few hours on a brand new PC. I luckily got the hint quickly because the HDD LED was staying lit.

My SATA cables are cheap ones I bought off of eBay. I may try and replace them.

> What about the quality of the power going into your PSU?

The freezing has happened in all of the different places I have lived during this time, so I don’t so. Unless the power cord could be doing something, but the power cord looks fine on the outside at least.

> Have you tried rebooting more gracefully with the SysRq commands?

Going to try that in the future.

Thank you.

> > Even if the RAM modules are not faulty, ECC is not officially supported by your CPU and motherboard, right?

> Correct.

I should also add to this for the record, that my mistake here was that when I bought the system, I checked to see that Ryzen 7 1700 supports ECC RAM, but that I was unaware that the motherboard also needed to support it in order for ECC to work.

Someone in a sibling comment pointed me to some links and gave me some info about some UEFI settings to try along with some kernel boot arguments and I've applied these. Hopefully it will be enough to take care of the issue, or at least to improve the stability a bit. But if the system continues to be unstable then I will probably try and save up a bit of money to replace the RAM that I have with non-ECC RAM instead, or alternatively that I save up money for a new motherboard which supports both ECC RAM and my current CPU as well as being able to host a newer generation of Ryzen CPU that I can then buy further into the future.

Also, I went to an electronics store today after reading your comment and bought a new SATA cable that I now use instead of the one that I had.

A Turing award winner needed help during a computational complexity Confrence (technically it was Karps birthday a day before the Confrence started). It was Donald Knuth and I figured out that changing pdf viewers fixed the problem of auto forwarding (instead of acrobat I used preview.app). He also wrote TeX.

Video here https://youtu.be/pP2D4DEQBTU?t=146

You typed U+0127, but he probably meant U+210F. Anyway, the answer is to either go the Insert > Symbol route or to type 210F in Word and then press Alt+X, which works since Office XP (released in 2001). Maybe this wasn’t as googlable 10 years ago. An arguably better way nowadays is to install WinCompose.

You are totally right.

We both knew it was \hbar in latex but could not figure out how to get there on Windows. He was collaborating with somebody on a paper and was not used to having to do so with windows/word (he had a RHEL 5 desktop).

He was also 83.

You always have the trusty character map application available on Windows!

Great to find characters you don‘t even know the name of.