The (result, error) pattern in Go or Result<Ok(res), Err(error)> pattern in Rust usually mixes the two. Unless you're doing and_then in Rust, but Go doesn't have anything like that. If anything, I feel like it's exceptions that separate the error handling for the conventional logic. You have your normal code in try, and your error handling in except.

This is a very odd claim. Go and Rust are extreme examples of mixing up error handling with conventional logic. There are excellent reasons for doing it that way, but the fact remains that they do. Exceptions, on the other hand, definitely do separate error handling from conventional logic – that's the whole point of them.

I think you just happen to have seen Python code bases where exceptions are caught very close to where they are being thrown, but that's property of the code you read, not the language feature. And presumably you have also seen Rust/Go code bases where errors are often passed back up the stack, which is easy to do but still requires some code (even just a ? in Rust is still an explicit decision) in a way that allowing exceptions to propagate up does not.