That depends on the country and double taxation treaty. E.g. my country (a EU country that is not US) considers me a tax resident since I have 'permanent residence' in the country (weird concept that does not cease when you leave the country, you need to actively go to the bureau and ask it to be terminated, which a lot of people just ignore because they live in other EU country first as students and then they start working etc). You can have this permanent residence even if you haven't lived in the country for 15 years.

Article 4, bullet point 1

https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/...

Residence and “tax residence” are different things. There are countries where you can be considered tax resident even if you don't step your foot there the whole year (often it's something like you having your family living there, or your business registered there). Some countries can treat you as tax resident by default if you are a citizen, unless proven otherwise, which you'd have to do in court if tax authorities decide to insist and you decide to disagree.