If expansion never stops accelerating, one day in the far future it will overcome all the other fundamental forces and everything will be torn apart in a Big Rip.
If you could drastically increase the mass of the local group, then you could increase the range at which gravitational attraction to it was dominating, but it would require seriously increasing the mass of the local group.
i'm not sure i get it. as i understood it, it was the fact that forces over a small scale dominate the effects of space expanding that prevents e.g. atoms getting bigger. so why would my space-railway tracks (made of continuous welded steel space-rails) not stay the same size (2m wide by thousands of light years long) as well?
The space expansion effect is very weak at small scales, so it's easily overcome by small objects, such as a short rope (or a railway). But this small force acts on the entire object, so when the object is twice as long, it pulls twice as hard. When distances become extreme, it always wins. Imagine a railway where the the far ends are moving apart from one another faster than the speed of light. It's either an infinitely stretchy railway, or it's breaking (probably long before we got to this point).
edit: also, thanks for the explanations - i think i need to learn more and/or head to physicsoverflow ;)
At the risk of adding yet another analogy. Imagine we have built an enormous balloon the size of a small moon. You and I are put on the balloon with our two vehicle and a steel winch. If they continue to blow up the balloon, things will get farther apart, but it isn’t going to tear the front times from the ear tires, and if we put the cars 1 meter apart, and connected the steel winch cable, it wouldn’t be an issue. At 1 meter, the balloon is expanding by a centimeter an hour. But if you drove 150 kilometers away from me, with the cable connected, and we tried to hold them together at the same distance, the balloon is moving at 25 meters per minute. To each of us, things would look and feel normal, but the pressure on the cable would snap it immediately. If you then decided to keep driving, there would be a point where you could never drive back to me because the distance between us as the balloon was expanding, would be more than the top speed of your car.
First, like any other gravitational effect, locally, spatial expansion would manifest as pseudo-forces that can be counter-acted by all the other forces that are far more relevant at human scale.
Second, the local effect of spatial expansion should be an indirect one: Friedmann cosmology - which is how we describe an isotropic, expanding universe - is a large-scale approximation. More realistic would be 'swiss-cheese' models, where spacetime in our neighbourhood can look vastly different from the Friedmann one, except that the spacetime patches need to properly fit together to yield the correct large-scale behaviour.
Point is, illustrative models and analogies are limited. Ideas like 'space itself expanding' or 'space flowing like a river and falling into a black hole like a waterfall' might help visualize some things, but can also lead to wrong ideas if taken too seriously.
Oh hmm, I see.
> but can also lead to wrong ideas if taken too seriously.
Yeah, and it's hard to know how far to take the analogy unless you're already familiar with the concept it's trying to describe, unfortunately.