I know it's slightly off topic, but in some areas of Europe it is considered essential for any big employer to have a healthy union. The employer encourages unionization, and there are certain benefits for them too.
You can't make this stuff up. But it drives home the reality that anti-union sentiment is strong in the U.S.; and deep. Most non-skilled workers in this country are very skeptical of unions, if not outright cynical. And it's always been this way, going back to the 19th century.
IIRC, there was a second vote at that same plant a little later. That time VW HQ just kept their mouth shut. And they loosened the leash on their American managers, who mostly opposed unionization. Obviously it failed again.
“If the only punishment is a fine then it’s legal for the rich” or however the saying goes.