It's not too hard to imagine that there are decommissioned coal fired power plants in other parts of the world. Many were shut down when natural gas became cheaper than coal because they were too old or in a bad location for conversion to natural gas.

> Oil is a global commodity. If America burns less then the price goes down. Which makes it cheaper for other countries to independently enact a carbon tax. Which they have the incentive to do because they get brownie points, and their domestic population doesn't rebel against a change that only keeps the price the same, and it generates revenue at the expense of the (foreign) oil companies. The more countries do this, the easier it is for the others to do it, at the expense of oil net exporters like Saudi Arabia and Russia.

Or those countries don't enact a carbon tax and then start sucking up factories from countries that did.

If every country enacted the same taxes then the question comes down to which country has the most lax enforcement. If the enforcement is all the same then you have a potential solution, but of course this is a huge ask in the modern world. It's hard to get competitors to work cooperatively. As long as people treat the world economy like a big zero sum game this problem is basically unsolvable.