In my limited experience, most browsers do what you describe already. Unless you type a 100% correct URL (and sometimes even if you do), a normal browser will send your URL string to Google (or similar entity), who will send back a redirect. The process is fast enought for you not to notice.
It is often possible (if hard) to configure browsers to do traditional URL resolving, but I wouldn’t bet on it always being possible. Google certainly has every reason to disallow reconfiguring their own browser to not send data to Google.
The url you type is 100% correct. Sure, maybe you made a typo, but the browser didn't know that. It isn't sending your url to Google and waiting for a redirect. A redirect to what? A different url?
I've heard similar comments but I don't understand how people would be expected to navigate around the internet? Is the idea that Google's search input should replace it? So if I want to go to sec.gov I should search SEC and click the link (hopefully) provided at the top of the results rather than just go there directly? It just doesn't make sense to me.