An option that Kim Stanley Robinson explored is his novels is a kind of draft/jury service model where voters are randomly selected to serve in government. Sometimes for a whole term, but you can also imagine something like jury service where a group is brought together to decide a single issue. They would have the time to hear both sides of the arguments, make a decision, and then disband.

This is actually how Athenian democracy worked.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenian_democracy#Selection...

Yes, but the citizens were only subset of population and the city was smaller then current states.

It is quite possible that it would not scale to larger population and general voting rights.

Sure, I was just addressing my parent comment's proposal and providing more context.

I don't really care for it, although I will have to say it would probably work better in the case of opaque public bodies very few people vote for elections in (e.g. a local American school board)

Could be that a lesser amount of people negotiate on an issue, which then gets voted on by everybody? I agree that the voters would need more time to learn about the issues they are voting on, but not everyone needs to be involved preparing an issue for a vote.

Switzerland has a lot more democracy than any other western government that I know of. Switzerland is a federation of cantons, each averaging 300k people, each with it's own constitution and parliament, collecting its own taxes, administering its own health care, even entering into certain treaties with other countries, etc. Each canton is subdivided into municipalities, some as small as a few thousand people, that decide more local issues including police, schools, etc. Divide and conquer, so that people can decide things for themselves. The magic seems to be that the people, via referendum, can add and/or delete laws they don't like [0]. So they have representatives but the people have ultimate direct power over them. Higher levels of government are involved only where necessary, for issues involving multiple lower levels of government. Seems to work well for them.

Many people seem to believe that government needs to be big to be effective. The opposite may be the case, as Leopold Khor convincingly argues [1], that "bigness" is the cause of many problems.

[0] https://wolf-linder.ch/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/Swiss-poli...

[1] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gaszpQaNwAU

> The magic seems to be that the people, via referendum, can add and/or delete laws they don't like.

This is also true of California; that's not the magic. I'd say identifying bigness as the problem is much more on target.

The document on Switzerland said that at a federal level the ability of the people to remove laws forces representatives to proactively compromise with possibly offended groups of people before passing a law, knowing that enough signatures could force a vote to stricke any given law (I believe that a double majority is required to keep any a federal law, something about a majority of people in a majority of cantons). Similar powers exist at the local levels, also.

I would think that this would tend to force issues that are not agreed upon down to a more local level, which doesn't sound like a bad thing.

However I do not disagree with you that the scale California often operates at may be too large.

> The document on Switzerland said that at a federal level the ability of the people to remove laws forces representatives to keep this in mind and compromise with possibly offended people before passing a law, knowing that enough signatures could force a referendum requiring a double majority to pass or the law may be stricken by the people (something about a majority of people in a majority of cantons, I'm a little fuzzy on that from memory).

I don't understand what you're trying to say. This is also true of California. (Well, not the part about representatives worrying about it, but all that that demonstrates is that the claim you repeat is not true. The ability of the people to remove laws isn't forcing representatives to do anything.)

I was adding more info about Switzerland's referendums, as compared to California's. Maybe I did not understand your comment on California.

We have the claim:

> The magic seems to be that the people, via referendum, can add and/or delete laws they don't like.

I'm saying that this cannot be the magic, because this state of affairs obtains in California, and it does not have the results which are, in Switzerland, ascribed to it. Those results do not come from this; they come from something else.

I did some more digging on Swiss referendums [0]. I thought I'd pass along what I found:

- .6% signatures required for a local referendum, 2% at federal level (somewhere else I saw 50k or 100k signatures required federally, some with 100 day time limits)

- referendums can occur between parliamentary elections (I read somewhere else that it might be typical that a citizen could vote 3 or 4 times per year)

- as per the constitution every tax is subject to a referendum, taxes are (mostly?) collected at the canton/municipality level, given the smaller size of these units people are engaged when their vote is more closely tied to their taxes and services.

- 295 referendums launched at the federal level since 1980, 124 gathered enough signatures, 14 passed, many more were withdrawn before a vote, the gathering of enough signatures having had the desired effect on parliament

- about 50% of the 124 referendums that got enough signatures had a direct or an indirect effect on parliament, many without ever needing to come to a vote

- 9% of laws decided by parliament end up subject to referendum

- parliament tends to form majorities on a per issue basis, and tends to design laws to avoid provoking a referendum

- there is no federal court to adjudicate the constitutionality of referendums, some referendums pass that cannot be implemented due to this, this was identified as a shortcoming (other shortcomings were the influence of money in politics and keeping the public informed on issues)

I'm not sure of the details and effects of California referendums, in comparison. The information above are my notes from the linked youtube unless otherwise indicated.

[0] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wGAFl90cCqI

I agree that my use of the word "magic" there was over-enthusiastic. The preference for local governance in Switzerland is a key factor, as you pointed out.

I've wondered if you can get a system where groups of 20-30 people (so extended family, maybe a group of friends, parents at a school) appoint one of their members to research issues and vote on their behalf. I already do this by default, deferring on most local decisions to my friend who's really into politics.

You've just invented the Republic. At least that's the way it is supposed to work. My opinion is that the House should be increased by a factor of 100. Hard to bribe that many people.

Liquid Democracy is a quirky concept that would probably resolve the problem you're describing.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_democracy

There is a candidate for mayor in NYC that is running on a direct democracy platform:

https://www.seidmanformayor.com/