At least in some cases, yes. For me, that's the real point of having a teacher - learning the thought process, not the pieces.
One thing worth mentioning is that sometimes the correct fingering for a piece is contextualized. There are pieces that you might treat as a goal in their own right, but they might also be just a stepping stone to other pieces. For example, you might see a sequence of three notes in the left hand, and there will be a "correct" fingering that's most comfortable for just those three notes. But the teacher that suggested this piece knows that those three notes can be seen as a simplified version of a six note pattern that occurs throughout a more difficult piece you will tackle later. So the "correct" fingering they suggest to you is the fingering that's most comfortable for the more difficult version you haven't played yet. You're not looking at the piece as-is, you're thinking of it in the context of what you'll eventually play and optimizing the fingering for performance of the target piece.
You will often hear that "correct" fingering is the one most comfortable. This is only partially true when you're in the early stages. Often, you go for something that's suboptimal in a particular piece because it will be more comfortable in another piece down the road.
A lot of the fingering remarks at this stage were about legato. In the easy Beethoven Sonatina in G, you have sort of a reversal of my earlier story - the downward movement is in the top notes here. There's a sequence of two chords, D-A and D-G in bar three. You could easily do both of those 51-51, but then the possibility of joining the two upper notes would be lost. The "correct" fingering would be 51-52, lifting the pinky and doing a nice legato on the top notes, one that follows into bar 4 with 53. It makes a world of difference when you hear how it sounds with a proper chord legato applied.
If you don't have a teacher, the next best thing would be to make sure you have a good edition with the proper fingerings added. Something like Alfred Masterwork, or the newer Schirmer Performance - both are relatively inexpensive and nicely edited. But then you will get just the fingering without the reasoning behind it.