One of the more difficult aspects of a team lead role is balancing all the different personalities and work preferences in that team. Consider that "toughing it out" might be a desired work practice for some people but for others it's the opposite, it's leaving them struggling for longer than they need/want to be. Stand ups offer a chance to identify those situations, as not every developer will ask for help when they need it. The post stand-up follow up should then considers the individual developer's wishes (e.g. you should be able to ask to tough it out for longer, probably as long as it's not a critical blocker for other work) and that seems to be one of the places your leadership is going wrong.
I could write a paragraph reputing point by point every single one of your sentences in a healthy organization.
All I can really say is you should consider switching jobs. You'll have to take my word for it today but it's way better out there, and you can join a company and a team that will make you feel like NONE of those things (yet still have daily standups)
Me too, then, because that accurately describes every Agile workplace I've been in the last 10+ years.
(I will concede that a lot of those were contracts and almost by definition, if they're hiring contractors to come in as emergency fixers, things are not going well anyway.)