I was under the impression that it began with the Protestant Reformation - specifically Calvinism (16th century)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fundamentals
Early 20th century though, but the antecedents go back to the 19th.
This is regarded by some as the foundational text of 20th century American fundamentalism. Written and published by an oil tycoon, of course.
I'm not sure whether there is any basis for this assumption in the text though..
It’s like the science thing, there is science in the Bible, but the Bible is not a science book. Science is more of a way to describe the function of the lego blocks that make up the world around us, the Bible is more concerned with how the lego blocks came about and what the cosmic purpose of them is. Which is why science and Bible are never at odds, just like how metaphysics is never at odds with physics. Or how things like gravity and light are well beyond the scope of biological evolution.
This sets up a situation where you have to be willfully ignorant or lie to defend the existence of God, since this stuff is bollocks.
In reality fundamentalist literalism is a relatively recent (19th century) theological development, but it's taken over completely in many US denominations.
A further wedge has been driven by the total politicization of religion. Many also believe that you must be a far-right Republican to be a Christian. If you'd asked me as a teenager or early 20-something what it meant to be a Christian I'd have thought "you have to support the military and vote Republican."