Mongol invasions, Hulagu and Ibn Taymiyyah probably had as big a role. Albiruni in Punjab and Ibn Shatir in Damascus made fine contributions which are just not studied in Islamiyat classes because everyone thinks of glory in terms of Alauddin Khliji/Ziauddin Barni or Aurangzeb Alamgir/Shah Waliullah instead of building universities, observatories etc