I'm not as aware of other research to product transitions, but I imagine a lot of MS research's work has moved to .NET (I think F# might have started as a MS Research project?) Microsoft Research is one of the strongest divisions right now, they produce a lot of cool stuff, practical or not.
You're also kind of lazy for asking, as you could simply check their website, which contains a list of projects and papers published: http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/research/default.aspx
The problem with Microsoft is that they aren't able to turn all that research into usable products. But that doesn't mean the research isn't valuable, some of the best ideas in the world have been happening ahead of their time you know ;)
Someone mentioned Haskell, they also do a lot in artificial intelligence, operating system research, security (yeah yeah I know), human computer interaction etc.
Not to long ago Apple passed Microsoft in profits, but that difference is much smaller than the difference in R&D budget. If you take that into account, Microsoft is much more profitable.
I expect lots of people to opt into a device the records their conversations... locations... images of the people around them... And the collates into some useable data using voice recognition + facial recognition + voice-to-text
The resultant data could be searchable by person... And bring up every picture of the person.. every conversation.. a map of locations where that person was with you (picture or voice)... etc... Anyway, MS Research has been working on similar stuff and I for one think that is going to be awesome technology someday.
http://techcrunch.com/2009/09/06/life-recorders-may-be-this-...
http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/cambridge/projects/se...
My thoughts? Maybe you'd life-record in certain situations. For example, I do not believe representatives of businesses are required to be notified of recording while performing their official duties.
A recent success is the Kinect, which was the fastest-selling consumer product on record.
edit: From wikipedia:
The product idea for Surface was initially conceptualized in 2001
by Steven Bathiche of Microsoft Hardware and Andy Wilson of
Microsoft Research.Guess that's not really research.
Really, I promise.. I'm not trying to be snarky... but can someone point out to me recent examples of "brilliant ideas out of Microsoft research" making a dent in the world I live in lately? I'm struggling.
[Edit - Quora-style-summary]:
1. Kinect, mostly
[Edit - soft apology / further expression of confusion]:
So, ample down-votes so far (expected), and lots of comments.. but still very limited in terms of interesting input about projects that have come out of MSR that have (as I put it) made a dent in the world. So far lots of people pointing at Kinect (and one person pointing out it was acquired), some noise about Surface, a mention of .NET. Honestly, none of which have made my life any better. That's not a bad thing though. I guess maybe I'm in the minority, and lots of you are living in a much better world because of Surface, or something.
At any rate, sorry if I've offended. I really wasn't attempting to call bullshit on MSR at all, I was genuinely curious (and yes, a little cynically suspicious).