NASA has used Xilinx FPGAs on a number of missions (though still mostly smaller missions). They are doing so for precisely this reason: on-spacecraft computation for intensive tasks such as image processing.

Here’s the website for the SpaceCube platform (developed at NASA Goddard). This is a little out of date (I worked on flight software for a mission called STP-H6 which I don’t see listed here), but gives an idea of how this idea is slowly but surely gaining steam in NASA.

https://spacecube.nasa.gov/