I've had this exact same problem about half a dozen times, and every time I have difficulty getting in contact with a real person, and not being led through an automated system that just ends up asking me for a phone number, or getting a reply hours later about how that inbox isn't monitored.
Well, of course to decrease friction and avoid turning people away at the entrance. You get smacked in the face with the request for your phone, once you've followed some interesting people, interacted with the site a bit and will form some attachment. Then you are more likely to enter your phone to keep using it.
There's a psychological effect of feeling more strongly about retaining a given amount of already owned value compared to gaining an equivalent amount of stuff you don't have yet.
You wouldn't pay with your phone number to get a Twitter account, but you would pay with it to keep an account you already have and started using.
Dark patterns.
I still gave it because I'm a little guy and want to get the benefits of being tapped into my professional community, to know what's up, to be visible myself etc. Such individual decisions result in this.
We users have a hard time coordinating as we have individual incentives while Twitter is one entity and can do whatever it decides.