Python’s type hinting is specifically designed for this use case: https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html
Also, TypeScript is designed to work the same way, as it can coexist with untyped JavaScript code as you introduce it to the code base (it still has to run through a compiler, of course).
What I'd like to see is a language that allows typeless programming to start but which is designed to allow the imposition of types at a later point.