>FYI, that’s known to cause battery bulging.

That would be a horrid battery charger design, likely keeping the battery overcharged at all times.

Battery bulging is a manufacturing defect, nothing more. Apples battery management technology has gotten incredibly advanced over the years, and it charges and discharges the battery if you leave it plugged in.

Cycling the battery as often as is typically done is worse than doing a bypass around the battery. The purpose it serves is reproducibly wearing the battery, trading battery lifetime for a consistent user experience with the gas gauge.

(Monitoring voltage is not enough, voltage can drop very quickly at end of battery life.)

All it has to do is keep the battery below 4.2v. I don't see anything advanced in purposely cycling the battery. Li-Ion (li-po) chemsitry has not changed much in the latest years. Alternatively if detecting power for prolonged times (say 24-36+ hours, it can keep the battery at 4v)

The reality is that most permanent iPad installations put the charger on a timer.

FYI that should NOT happen.