Human eyes don't have a refresh rate, per se. I recall hearing that they can discern differences in frequency up to 3 kHz or so; though obviously you can go much slower than that and still feel smooth and relatively responsive.

Fighter pilots can recognize an object flashed at them for ... 1/240th a second? Something like that?

I would consider that approximately the upper bound.

Object recognition requires you to see an insane amount of detail. You can reconstruct a lot, but you still have to see a lot before you can recognize an entire object.

That puts the threshold for basic perception much higher; you may not be able to see the details of the objects flashed at you for 1/500 of a second, but you can tell that something was flashed. If a bright light is strobing at 500Hz, you can tell it's strobing, not just on.

You'll fun https://blurbusters.com/blur-busters-law-amazing-journey-to-...