Similar to safety with fission energy, this is not something where you want to apply financial incentives, because you don't want companies to take that risk ever. People may say: "If it goes wrong, I guess my company goes bankrupt. But it's unlikely enough that'd I'd take that risk." - like they're gambling at a stock exchange or something.

If anything ever goes wrong and something like the Kessler syndrome occurs, humanity will be so monumentally screwed you'll have trouble putting a dollar amount on the amount of damage done. No amount of insurance is going to make it right. It will be a large setback for humanity as a whole.

What you want to do is: Have companies follow the precautions you dictate and ensure compliance before they're allowed to launch.