Similar to safety with fission energy, this is not something where you want to apply financial incentives, because you don't want companies to take that risk ever. People may say: "If it goes wrong, I guess my company goes bankrupt. But it's unlikely enough that'd I'd take that risk." - like they're gambling at a stock exchange or something.

If anything ever goes wrong and something like the Kessler syndrome occurs, humanity will be so monumentally screwed you'll have trouble putting a dollar amount on the amount of damage done. No amount of insurance is going to make it right. It will be a large setback for humanity as a whole.

What you want to do is: Have companies follow the precautions you dictate and ensure compliance before they're allowed to launch.

"UL standards for satellites" sounds like a pretty presumable scenario. Extrapolating how the UL standards are currently used in the industry, private space corporations may even refuse to launch the satellite, provide or accept services if it's not certified.