Android and ChromeOS are based on the Linux kernel. Arduino has no standard OS from what I'm aware.
Arduino uses bare metal C++ runtime, which is an OS of some sorts.
Android and ChromeOS use a fork of Linux kernel, with legacy drivers written in C. What GNU/Linux users would call regular drivers.
Project Treble drivers are written in a mix of C++ and Java.
ChromeOS uses a mix of C++ and Rust for its drivers.
Linux fans have to come to grips that its place on Android and ChromeOS is only a convenience for a POSIX like kernel.
Symbian, Windows, macOS, Android, ChromeOS, Arduino, ARM mbed are all examples of OSes that have C++ at the kernel, or very least at the drivers layer.