The UK did a study a few years ago on the most important threat. The #1 spot (on importance) was a pandemic and would have way more impact than the #2 threat. The report suggested various things, including e.g. masks, etc. The report was ignored.
In US there's been many warnings to subsidize a strategic PPE supply and production. This was ignored. Early on (COVID-19) a US mask producer asked officials to provide money to expand production. This was ignored.
It wasn't just easy to predict, it was predicted various times.
Recommendations try to take everything in to account.
It's easy now to say: just wear masks. But then, there was even a global shortage of masks for health professionals.