"the niche for the FPGA has almost vanished."

While Xilinx posts record quarterly profits and there are more FPGAs moved than ever before.

But go on. Enlighten us...

"There are very very very few compute tasks where an FPGA solves a problem with better performance per watt than both a CPU and a GPU."

Oh right. Let me just slap those into my satellite, radio system, aircraft control system, military system, enmbedded system... How could I have not seen the light?

"I would bet that emulating a RISC-V program on x64 is far more power efficient than running a RISC-V core on an FPGA for example." Hahahahahahaha. What size bet, chief? I need a new pair of shoes.

Low-volume networking hardware comes to mind. Where you need very-high performace routing, but aren't shipping enough units to make up the cost of using an ASIC.

The aren't many of the them so power usage isn't a bit cost, but their performance effects the performance of many other machines, where most of the power draw is.

An ECP5 will sit on the order of ~100mW and you can clock those up to dozens of MHz. They can have multiple cores running in parallel (an ECP5 85k will fit dozens, probably well over a hundred RISC-V cores if you do your homework.) Even a laptop sitting at 10W is going to be orders of magnitude more power inefficient than this in terms of raw instructions-per-cycle-per-watt if you're emulating. That is not the best metric, necessarily, but there you go.

And since you mentioned perf-per-dollar -- ignoring soft CPUs, any deeply pipelined algorithm is very likely going to destroy price-comparable CPUs in terms of throughput e.g. you can do 16-to-32 bytes per cycle of AES on a dinky FPGA from 10 years ago for a few dollars, and at 50MHz you're doing 1.6GB/s, and people have been achieving this, or multiple times this, for 15+ years. Things like TDP are not a measure of "overall system design efficiency", it's a measure of thermal capacity, thermal budgets, and nothing more. (BTW, the only general purpose CPU that comes close to this number directly for AES is, like, Ice Lake, since VAESNI can turn out 16 bytes per cycle or whatever IIRC, but now you're well back into "multiple watts" territory on a multi-GHz CPU.) The reason people still use CPUs for these tasks isn't because they don't want better performance: it's because software has better agility and is easier to acquire and modify and distribute. You can have systems that are dozens of times more efficient than commodity ones for a wide variety of tasks, they will just be a pain in the ass to use, program, acquire, and build. You can figure out most of this with basic napkin math.

Stop thinking so much about individual components, and start thinking about global system design -- because the entire system has its own performance criteria that may vary drastically compared to an individual component within it.

> There are very very very few compute tasks where an FPGA solves a problem with better performance per watt than both a CPU and a GPU.

This is like stating "There are very few tasks where a car would do as well as a snowmobile." They aren't comparable for purpose. Hacker News is pop-culture-y so everyone thinks "the only thing that matters is a cool CPU running in a rack with a 7nm TSMC process that can run my Go application on Kubernetes that will disrupt The Market of Smart Toilets" or whatever they do day to day, and extrapolate from there. But I'd guess the vast majority (like, 85% or more) of FPGA field has literally nothing to do with this. A huge amount of work basically revolves around "just" interfacing with analog devices at pico/nanosecond level resolutions...

The quest for best perf-per-watt is one largely driven by datacenters and personal consumer electronics, which have both high volume and high yield, and where the largest challenges revolve around power, cooling, etc. Furthermore these systems run workloads that are largely general purpose "state machines" that use some memory and some CPU and some disk, etc, and need to try and hit a balance among all of these. There is a large amount of resource arbitrage going on. "A rising tide lifts all boats" in this case. But little of that applies in this field; people use older nodes and the same chips for 5-10+ years (or longer) straight because they need to deliver latency-sensitive solutions, customized hardware at low volume, "hardware glue" for various analog systems, highly specialized algorithmic solutions for the lowest total BOM cost, etc. They aren't aiming to replace the systems created by digital Silicon Valley software programmers.

There is a push to move FPGAs into the datacenter (see: Xilinx and their exploding revenue) but it's unclear if they will settle into specific niches or be used as supplementary devices or whatnot.

Your comments will be much better without the condescending tone. I point this out because I also talk down to people unintentionally. It's a difficult habit to break.

It’s hard to get across just how out of their depth someone is without putting it fairly explicitly.

There's a lot of use cases today where perf per watt doesn't matter.

Name some... Any task where perf per dollar matters also boils down to perf per watt, since watts cost dollars...

Say, robotics where the difference between an FPGA and something else is way overshadowed by the motors.

Or really basically anywhere that has you interacting with the real world directly connected to your compute, and not just compute off in a datacenter.

> Or really basically anywhere that has you interacting with the real world directly connected to your compute, and not just compute off in a datacenter.

Which, at least in mass-market applications, mostly happens on phones and other battery-powered devices. :)

Or the dozens of other devices in your house that have the benefit of mains voltage.

I don't think perf per watt was a differentiator in the compute chosen for your TV, your monitor, your AV receiver, your fridge, etc.

Yes, but none of these things use significant compute.

Monitors and TVs absolutely do.

And it's not unheard of for them to have FPGAs for that reason.

I guess one could consider the video hardware decoder a FPGA, although I would bet that the smart models just use a GPU in some SOC model instead.

No, there are literal FPGAs in some TVs and monitors. It happens more often on early runs on new tech. You don't need to rename something else.

But many, many important applications are not mass-market.

realtime systems. avionics, robots, radar processing, low latency network appliances, trading platforms...

I thought FPGAs were more power efficient than GPUs for many ML applications for example (CNNs aside)?

For unusual ML architectures, like 1 bit precision, that might be true.

For anything using floating point maths, it isn't true.

What about this paper then, section 5.1.2, energy efficiency: https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2694344.2694347

Substantial gains in terms of performance per watt for FPGAs?