My summary is that all of these are structurally the same:

* programs with recursion that either halts or not -- is there a partial order on states of a recursive algorithm such that some state is eventually terminal?

* threads with resource dependencies that either deadlock or not -- is there a partial order on resource acquisition so that eventually some operation is unblocked?

* garbage collection of memory references -- is there a partial order on resource ownership such that some element is eventually unowned?

* Russell's paradox -- presumably something like: is there a partial order on the definitions of some sets such that all of the definitions can be resolved?

* Godel's Incompleteness theorem and Liar's paradox, etc -- presumably something like: is there a partial order on statements that allows their truth values to be resolved?

In every case it seems like the solution is some form of diagonal argument.

I really like the version I just found in this paper[1]: if Y is a set and there's a function a(Y): Y that doesn't have a fixed point, then for any function f(T, T): Y there's a function g(T): Y that can't be written as g(s) = f(s,t) for all t. Namely, set g(t) = a(f(t,t)); clearly f(s,s) = g(s) = a(f(s,s)) != f(s,s).

For the Liar Paradox ("this sentence is false") and Godel ("this statement cannot be proved in G") the set Y is (True/Proven, False/Disproven) and the function a() just takes False <-> True and so has no fixed point. The function f(s, t) tries to assign a truth value to a statement 's' and also to the _claim_ made by 's'. The function g(s) tries to assign a truth value to 's' alone, but for 'this sentence is false' the definition is g(s) = a(f(s,s)), and the definition of f(s,s) = g(s), so g(s) = a(g(s)) and there's no solution -- just like a recursive function that says f(x) = !f(x) never terminates!

The connection to partial orders is: there must be a partial order on the possible states of the system such that there isn't an infinite loop. The states can be the truth values of statements, the input to a function, the states of a Turing machine's tape, the state of the condition a thread is waiting on, or the state of whether an object has been freed. Etc.

Of course I have never really thought through this before and I'm making it up as I go, but this is grand and delightful to sort-of hand-wavingly understand.

[1]: https://arxiv.org/pdf/math/0305282.pdf