The normal course of the automatic immune system wiping out an invading pathogen without you noticing is that it happens immediately without you noticing and you never get a chance to infect anyone. But if that doesn't happen for COVID-19 or influenza or most things there'll be a time period after infection but before you notice anything where you're infectious. For COVID-19 this period is particularly infectious compared to the flu or SARS-1 or most things. It might be that flu and other coronaviruses tend to people who are infected enough to transmit the virus but never go on to develop symptoms. I don't know in that case.
Until very recently they still said
"The risk of catching COVID-19 from someone with no symptoms at all is very low."
They now say "Some reports have indicated that people with no symptoms can transmit the virus. It is not yet known how often it happens. WHO is assessing ongoing research on the topic and will continue to share updated findings."