Wolfram Mathematica is what Jupyter Notebooks probably came from. Their notebooks allow you to do all sorts of command line stuff as well as neural nets, image processing, graphs, 3D image visualization, optimization, symbolic math, natural language parsing ..etc. It also has a command line shell.

Unfortunately, it is commercial, closed source, and not exactly cheap. The language is nice for a lot of things (kind of lisp like) though and although I love open source languages and tools, Mathematica is really impressive.