You had then (as now) several major trends. The progressivists were modernists promoting modernism -- technology and rationality (along with a whole host of jingoistic thinking).

A principle response was the fundamentalist movement, back to fundamentals, especially of religion, and against science and technology, most especially evolution. See the Fundamentalist-Modernist Controversy:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamentalist–Modernist_contr...