You'd be borderline suicidal to do that regularly in the US.
I fear for anyone who bikes in a city without the infrastructure for it in the US.
It's also not so uncommon for their to be a trail with similar connectivity to the highway (lots of rail trails do this). I can ride to the next town/village over with about ¼ mile of actual highway riding. That's pretty recent, what with a casino paying for lots of trail and a new bridge being built on the US route, but there you go.
That is very much location dependent. You are right that some locations are extremely poorly designed for this. The cost/benefit of improving the designs isn't always obvious.
Biking to work in Mountain View was a pleasure and seemingly very safe. I'm now in a rural area with unmarked roads that barely fit two cars. The state highway between me and the nearest town has a paved shoulder that might be a foot wide. If I ride on it I commit the mortal sin of riding against traffic because I have a wife and kids and need to make eye contact with everyone coming my way before I even think of trusting them.
>commute between most suburbs and small town centres
I commuted to work on a bike every day in Mountain View. If I tried that from where I live now it wouldn't work in my favor.
I've almost hit bicyclists because I couldn't see them (their fault; black clothing with no reflectors) on both of those routes. You coudln't pay me enough to bike to work.
In a vehicle-bicycle/pedestrian incident at the posted speed limit, no matter who is at fault, it's the bicyclist/pedestrian who will be dead. If someone wants to be alive, as well as correct, they'd do well to make themselves as visible as possible.
But that's too practical a view to hold here on HN, I realize that.
EDIT - I just realized this is likely in response to 'their fault' in my original message. I stand by it though. Riding a bike at night on an unlit 50mph rural road with no reflectors while wearing black is, as the GP said, suicide by car.
You'd still be criminally at fault, and if you can't stop in time for a cyclist you're over-driving your headlights, but the cyclists would be well served by buying a back light for visibility. Keep in mind that wild animals can't, and they'll have roughly the same visibility as the cyclist.
Night, day, twilight - a bicyclist can only increase their likelyhood of surviving their trip by adding reflectors and wearing bright clothing.
It's pretty rare for somebody who hits a deer to be charged with reckless driving, so it's not like there is actually an absolute responsibility to never out drive your headlights.
Besides the legal aspects, anyone riding a bike after dark without any illumination is being irresponsible. Whether the car is at fault or not, it's not going to be the guy in the car who dies from it.
A car with high beams cresting a hill behind you. A car with high beams cresting the hill in front of you. An animal. A drink. A radio station change. A text message.
Reflectors make that big of a difference; they don’t look or move naturally, and thus play well to our night vision strengths, even to a distracted driver.
This is absolutely your fault. You're driving too fast for the conditions. You're the one who can't see what's ahead; you're the one who has to drive slower.
For really rural areas where there is no “town center”—perhaps just intentionally park your car a good distance from wherever you’re going so that you have to walk the last bit of the way? (Sort of like the campaign a number of MTAs have going where they encourage you to get off one subway stop early and walk from there to your destination.)