it is really interesting that in US and countries like that where voter fraud is relatively easy it's almost nonexistant, but in Russia, for example (where you need your passport to vote and where you can't vote just anywhere, but on a particular station in the region you have a stamp of residence in your passport, and yeah, there's a list of voters everywhere, in advance)... Well, bussing exist there.

Buses with "voters", who have "out of home voting permit" papers on them, are coming to the "problematic" voting stations, to tip elections for the "proper candidate". Usually it's organized by managers of political indifferent or loyalist workers of government institution.

Where voter fraud happens it isn’t random people deciding to vote 3 times. Why would anyone bother?

Actual vote fraud is about political machinery. Now in the US the real election shenanigans are much cheaper and more effective... the big pools of black money and gerrymandering are the tools of modern political machines.

That's not called 'voter fraud' though - 'voter fraud' is a more narrowly specific term than 'election fraud' and 'election shenanigans'.

“Voter fraud” in that context that is at best a boogeyman and at worse code for “poor and brown people voting”.

This is your bit:

"Actual vote fraud is about political machinery".

That's not 'vote[r] fraud'. The meaning of the term is independent of whether this type of fraud is common or not, how the threat of it is misused politically, etc.

That's because election fraud in Russia is driven from the top down. In a country with more-or-less functioning rule of law, and where you won't get into police trouble for documenting this sort of thing - these attacks would not work - and those sorts of restrictions on voting are not necessary.

Hence, the voter fraud boogieman in the US remains just that - a convenient boogieman.