Desktops are dwarfed by mobiles devices. AFAICT a linux kernel variant is present on most of the world's smartphones (with most of the rest being iOS devices, which I know little about), though you've addressed that by saying Google are pushing to reduce the impact of C underlying their system.

I don't want to make a song and dance about C being awesome or anything - we've certainly got massive issues with allowing that extreme amount of flexibility without ensuring that the developer really, really means what they've just told the machine to do - but it's hardly a small enclave that's holding out, it's still huge.

And there are still companies developing in it. I've seen a sort-of-microservices-in-C-implemented-as-a-sort-of-supersized-cgi-bin approach relatively recently.

And yes it was an abomination!

So you want to talk about mobiles?

Windows Phone, JavaScript, .NET (VB and C#) and C++.

iOS, JavaScript, Objective-C, C++ and Swift, C only due to BSD stuff.

Android, Java, Kotlin, JavaScript, C++, C only due to Linux kernel. Its sucessor. Project Treble drivers use Java and C++. Fuchsia is written in a mixture of Rust, Dart, and C++.

ChromeOS, JavaScript, C++, Rust, C only due to Linux kernel

> Windows Phone, JavaScript, .NET (VB and C#) and C++.

An irrelevance given their complete lack of market presence.

The rest all have significant underlying C components you've identified. All I'm saying is that's a hardly a 'niche holdout' when it appears to be at the heart of the vast majority of shipping devices.

It is, given the amount of usage across the OS stack, which decreases with every OS release.

By the way on iOS, drivers are written in C++.