I understand this and I'm heartened that the Supreme Court majority continues to find that. I was getting at the distinction between what the majority ruled; that excessive fines are a breach of due process, which applies to all "persons", and the comment that Justice Thomas would have preferred to arrive at the 'same outcome' on the basis that it was a breach of the 'privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States’.

My point is that those are different outcomes, not the same; one protects me - a person in the US who is not a US citizen - and the other does not. The difference is also a furtherance of a generally authoritarian idea that non-US-citizens should have not equal protection under the law.