And the reason for that is essentially all modern languages make copies of something when passing argument parameters. The only question is what they are passing and exactly how hard the language layer works to make it look as if you are or are not passing something by reference.
I have to reach to something as obscure as Forth to find a language that does not work that way, and truly does not copy parameters into a function. (I haven't dug into Factor enough to know if under the hood it still copies parameters.) It's a very unusual choice to not copy something for a function call.
(This is one of the ways our CPUs have been optimized for the languages we run; they make this intuitively expensive operation otherwise cheaper than it would be on a naively designed CPU.)
Then of course someone turns on whole program optimization for C++, half the code gets inlined into one terrifying large function, nothing is copied anywhere, and the code runs 2x faster.
Then some poor SOB has to debug the assembly code for all of this and has nightmares for years after.
Not like I'd know or anything. :)`
> In Python, f can change the value of a
but it can't. `f` can't change the object which `a` references:
def f(x): x = 5
People who believe Python is "call-by-reference" don't understand this and write incorrect or overcomplicated code as a consequence. The distinction is important.
There is no consensus that "pass by reference" denotes that, whatever a wikipedia editor says. Normal working programmers do not understand "pass by reference" to mean specifically "pass a reference to the caller's stack" but only the more general concept of "pass a reference to the value of a". If you want to talk specifically about what kind of reference gets passed, you need some new terms for that, and both the new terms you come up with will be subtypes of what most of the world will continue to understand as a general category of "pass by reference". No-one outside of these arguments on HN gets confused about whether you can write a swap function in Python; people understand "pass by reference" to mean something more general and entirely true of Python (and Java and so on). You can tell by how often we see those languages described as "pass by reference".
> but it can't. `f` can't change the object which `a` references:
Yes it can. It can't make a to refer to a different object (as your f tries to), but it can change the object a refers to just fine.
The distinction between passing the value of a reference being used by the caller and passing a reference to the caller's stack is so rarely important or useful that there's no consensus terminology for it. The distinction that's actually relevant and useful is whether, when we write f(a), f receives the (thing we would call the) value of a or a reference to the value of a (and in particular whether f can change the value of a). In Python, f can change the value of a (that is to say, the thing Python programmers understand to be the value of a); therefore Python is pass by reference as the term is usually understood (and certainly any term for its call style that uses "value" is more misleading than calling it "pass by reference").