Buffer overflows - the guide mentioned both sandboxing (snap/apparmor) and remote low level data collection (auditd). If you don't trust the app, that's about as much as you can do.
Phishing - There's not much the OS can do. 2fa is required on the service itself, but that's not in scope for this doc.
XSS - Since you're connecting through a proxy in the recommended networking setup, there's a chance some known endpoints will be blocked. Again, that's in scope for the remote service, not really the OS setup.
I think they did a good job of describing what can you do as far as end-user workstations go. You could do some improvements by getting a grsec kernel, but that's not really Ubuntu 18.04 anymore. (I wish they mentioned it as an option though)
The complaint about LUKS is also bizarre, because the work function for trying one passphrase is enormous by default, and easily configured to be stupendously costly (e.g 30s). Its also quite feasible to boot from a USB key, which has a passphrase wrapped key; when separated from the computer this is very secure. TPM isn't foolproof either, so it comes across as rather ill informed.
As to the guide overall, it suffers from the typical delusions of enterprise IT, which delivers a castrated platform with marginal security improvements. Users will still suffer XSS from crappy Oracle corporate applications, phishing, buffer overflows etc. But at least they won't be able to use grep! Nasty bash programs!