Certain ARM-based SoCs used to be able to do this using a feature called Jazelle[1], but it had an array of problems that caused an early obsolescence.

1: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazelle

Your Intel based CPU’s Management Engine does so it can run that NSA spyware the Internet tells me [1].

Also embedded java, (kind of the JVM without floats, or GC) is common on base band processors for cellphones and satellites.

The full modern JVM10 spec has way to much magic to do in hardware. Some of the opcodes do things hardware can’t easily emulate.

[1] https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=11913379