Really the hardest part of the attack, and what makes it so infrequent, is the social engineering aspect of registering the AS and getting an influential peer to accept your advertisements. To really cover your tracks you would need fake identities, fake businesses, fake bank accounts...
BGP Path to Target IP prefix = ordered list of autonomous systems to reach target IP prefix
The point of BGP is to find the shortest AS path to an IP. Each AS has at least one router, and each router has at least one other AS peer. A router will forward the packet as far as it can given the peers it knows, until the AS list is length 0, at which point the controlling AS routes traffic to its destination.
Basically, a top level Internet shard. You need to become a Real ISP to pull off this attack.
Then you need to find other ASes to peer with you of course.
Also note that technically all you need is the ability to advertise routes. That could be mutually exclusive from AS status if your server provider is willing to advertise routes from their AS on your behalf (like vultr does, I think). In that case the provider is acting irresponsibly and should validate the routes.
> That is to get to 3.3.3.3 A 3.3.0.0/16 route takes precedence over a 3.0.0.0/32 route.
I think you mean:
> That is to get to 3.3.3.3 A 3.3.0.0/16 route takes precedence over a 3.0.0.0/8 route.
a /32 is _more_ specific.
Firstly, I believe BGP hijacking works by announcing a more specific prefix rather than path-length. That is to get to 3.3.3.3 A 3.3.0.0/16 route takes precedence over a 3.0.0.0/8 route.
Secondly, this attack did not obtain a valid cert. They probably could have using spoofing (either of MX or just of A records and using lets-encrypt), but they did not. This might be because the BGP hijack did not affect any CA, or it might just have been laziness.