That makes sense. I was thinking masters might be tested even at the amateur level but I guess that's rare even at the high levels of competition.

super rare. race organizers hate paying for anything they don't absolutely have to, and the national anti-doping organizations don't test amateurs. The rules packets for most amateur races say no doping allowed, and threaten random testing, but in reality it never happens.

I know for a fact that an amateur cyclist in the UK was banned for 2 years for testing positive for EPO after taking part in a race. I believe he had been deliberately targeted for testing because of suspicions about his performance.

The race organiser does not pay for the testing directly. British Cycling takes a small levy for every rider taking part in a race and I imagine this goes towards paying for the random testing.

The UK anti-doping website has a list of all current and historical bans for drug test rule violations covering a wide range of sports:

https://www.ukad.org.uk/anti-doping-rule-violations/current-...