I have yet to find a study that accounts for confounding variables like hospital mortality rate, key biomarkers (blacks have a greater incidence of diabetes, for example), insurance status, financial standing, doctor ranking, educational level, patient compliance, etc., to arrive at a statistically significant conclusion there is a racial element in healthcare delivery outcomes. The examples you gave would feed into such a study, but are still not teasing out the complex socioeconomic factors that already plague blacks (which are another ball of wax to unwind for causes). Don’t have a dog in this fight either way; want to see more big data-driven analysis of policy questions now that it is more practical to do so.