Japan also has excellent public transportation, and is much less restrictive than Singapore. In major metro areas, its rail systems even make a profit.

It has sprawl but it's far less auto-oriented than the US.

Some major factors are: -expressways are almost all tolled -carbuyers are required to demonstrate that they own/rent a parking space, rather than policy than mandates every new housing unit and business have enough parking that demand is more than sated even at zero cost -zoning that allows sufficiently-dense land use such that most residences are within a short walk of a rail station— this station usually has groceries and other necessities nearby, as well as schools within walking distance