Absolutely, you can boot your preferred distribution for running Docker on[1] (using Vagrant even! setting the provider to VirtualBox), forward the port that Docker is running on (2376?) to your physical host/localhost[2], and set a few variables on the client machine to get your docker client talking to that ("remote") docker daemon[3]
[1]: https://coreos.com/os/docs/latest/booting-on-vagrant.html
[2]: https://www.vagrantup.com/docs/networking/forwarded_ports.ht...
[3]: https://docs.docker.com/machine/reference/env/
Or, as tmzt mentioned, minikube and minishift will also let you set --vm-driver=virtualbox on start. Those are nice even if you don't want to use Kubernetes (but there are plenty of options.)
Vagrant is filling the void for some of those projects since it just works with no fuss on Mac/Windows/Linux without forcing me to use Hyper-V.