If you ignore the lag from the CPU or memory constraints, the interface is just not conducive for working. Who wants to edit text documents or spreadsheets, used a shell, or edit code on a 5 inch screen? Who wants to use a soft keyboard for any non-trivial amount of work? It's not that it can't be done; there are much more attractive options readily available.
There there's the argument about connecting mobile devices to monitors, using adapters/bluetooth for peripheral devices, and thin client setups. If that's the case, why don't you grab a cheap laptop? Mobile is gimping you at that point.
One can develop Android apps just fine on Linux. It's a superior experience to Windows or macOS IMHO.
Honestly, I find the modern Linux desktops friendlier to non-power-users than modern macOS or Windows.
Without Mac OS there'd be no iOS apps (or at least, many fewer). And without Windows there'd be many fewer Xbox and likely Android apps too.
Non-mobile computing is needed until (at the very least) the bulk of development for mobile is done _on_ mobile (hint: I doubt that will happen any time soon).