Because dogs have no means to express the concept "why?" Animals don't plan in an animate sense in any form observable in the same way humans do.

See the quote from Hacker's "Wittgenstein: Comparisons and Context" here:

"The limits of thought are the behavioral expression of thought. It is perfectly possible, in certain circumstances, for an animal to think and not show it. But it makes sense to ascribe thinking to an animal only insofar as the animal's behavioral repertoire includes such behavior as would express what the animal is said to think."

> Animals don't plan in an animate sense in any form observable in the same way humans do.

Why should they do it the same way humans do?

Behaving exactly like humans do is not a prerequisite for intelligence or reasoning. I think its a mistake to put us on a pedestal and saying "if its not like this, then it doesn't count".

Anyway, many creatures can and do plan, just not necessarily the same way that humans do:

From http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/01/160121-jumping-sp... These tiny spiders are able to plan their attacks and take different approaches depending on their prey (even if they've never encountered their prey before! They're extremely fascinating creatures): "In the 1980s and 1990s, Robert Jackson of New Zealand’s University of Canterbury demonstrated that Portia fimbriata, a member of this spider-snacking subfamily, methodically plans winding detours to sneak up on prey spiders. Portia can even find hidden prey, suggesting that the predator can visualize its prey's location and a path to get there."

From https://www.gizmodo.com.au/2017/07/more-evidence-that-ravens... "The study, published yesterday in Science, shows that ravens (Corvus corax) can anticipate the nature, time and location of future events based on prior experiences." (study linked within)

Apparently apes can plan: https://www.livescience.com/2620-humans-apes-plan.html

I think you should look again at my original comment. I'm not saying animals are unintelligent. They possess cognitive powers. But I'm talking about cogitative powers. That's introspection. It's not that it must be like humans to count, it's that humans are the only ones that show it, as far as we know.

The article for this post discusses this. Many animals have complex behaviors. For instance, the two links you have posted are examples. But faced with new problems they buckle and cannot deal.

The ravens are interesting, I will read that study. But saying they're intelligent is not the same thing as saying they are cogitative, for they don't possess the language to express cogitative experiences in the same we, and only we, do.

This has been a discussion point in Analytical Philosophy for a number of years, particularly during the rise of Cognitive Neuroscience. PMS Hacker, in particular, has written a lot about this topic, I would recommend his two books:

(https://www.amazon.com/Human-Nature-Categorial-Framework-Hac...) "This major study examines the most fundamental categories in terms of which we conceive of ourselves, critically surveying the concepts of substance, causation, agency, teleology, rationality, mind, body and person, and elaborating the conceptual fields in which they are embedded."

And;

(https://www.amazon.com/Intellectual-Powers-Study-Human-Natur...) "The Intellectual Powers is a philosophical investigation into the cognitive and cogitative powers of mankind. It develops a connective analysis of our powers of consciousness, intentionality, mastery of language, knowledge, belief, certainty, sensation, perception, memory, thought, and imagination, by one of Britain’s leading philosophers. It is an essential guide and handbook for philosophers, psychologists, and cognitive neuroscientists."

Both of which heavily interact with relevant research and articles in cognitive neuroscience and neuroscience more broadly.

> Why should they do it the same way humans do? Behaving exactly like humans do is not a prerequisite for intelligence or reasoning. I think its a mistake to put us on a pedestal and saying "if its not like this, then it doesn't count".

Did you intend to address this?

Is your whole perspective shaped by this one author? I am extremely wary when people cite books, as opposed to papers, when discussing scientific topics.

The original comment I was responding to in the article was concerning the ways humans were unique from animals. I'm not describing intelligence full stop, or claiming that animals are the basis for intelligence or reasoning. I'm not saying animals need to be like humans to be intelligent. My point is that the thing that makes humans unique from animals is our ability to reason, our cogitative powers.

They don't need to do it in the same way humans do; they don't do it in the same way humans do. In the absence of language, they have no way of expressing the depths of cogitation in the same way humans can.

In regards to your last question, I have found PMS Hacker a particularly compelling author in this area. He is a very good analytical philosopher. His works are peer-reviewed, and extensively researched and amply sourced. He's an established professional philosopher. He has also written extensively with M.R. Bennet, an established neuroscientist with many papers, a good book of theirs is: The Philosophical Foundations of Neuroscience (http://ca.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-140510838X...)

I'm not a professional scientist, I don't have access to papers. I have access to books.

You say that animals don't have language. But I am not convinced.

Perhaps some animals, or even most animals, don't have language.

But whalesong and bird songs can be very complex, and I am not at all convinced that they do not have language.

Can you prove that they don't have language?