Yes, it's somewhat similar in that the compiler checks if you have handled or chosen not to handle an error. You're not allowed to ignore it (through omission).

yeah but better because you don't break the world if you add a new exception to a public method.

Declaring that every method throws Exception doesn't break the world any more than every Go function returning an argument of type error. You're intentionally saying pretty much anything could go wrong and nobody can plan ways to recover.