It depends on the platforms C ABI, but no, the argument marshaling for va_args is not necessarily (or even usually) the same as normal args. In the case of iOS you can look here[1], the relevant bit being: "The iOS ABI for functions that take a variable number of arguments is entirely different from the generic version."

This actually manifests in errors if you directly call objc_msgSend, which is why in order to guarantee direct codeine you need to cast objc_msgSend to the actual prototype you want[2]:

"An exception to the casting rule described above is when you are calling the objc_msgSend function or any other similar functions in the Objective-C runtime that send messages. Although the prototype for the message functions has a variadic form, the method function that is called by the Objective-C runtime does not share the same prototype. The Objective-C runtime directly dispatches to the function that implements the method, so the calling conventions are mismatched, as described previously. Therefore you must cast the objc_msgSend function to a prototype that matches the method function being called."

1: https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/Xc... 2: https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/Xc...

This is C, I'm talking C calling convention (and x64, which is the same). Caller cleans up the stack, so va_list is a zero cost abstraction.

Citing the bastard architecture of iOS isn't really making the case for "usually".

Requiring the caller to put all arguments on the stack isn't "zero cost." For a non-variadic call on ARM64, the first eight parameters (or more, if some are floats) will be passed in registers without ever touching the stack.

On x86-64, the caller also has to set %al to the number of vector registers used for the call, and the compilers I've seen always check %al and conditionally save those registers as part of the function prologue. Cheap, but not "zero cost."

va_ doesn't change the calling convention. Parameters passed as registers continue to be passed as registers.

We could probably argue this some more but I suggest you simply try it with a compiler..

Good idea!

https://gist.github.com/mikeash/ce38d3a77b88734a9e0e9dc3f352...

You'll notice how `normal` takes all of its arguments out of registers `x0` through `x7` and places them on the stack for the call to `printf`. And you'll notice how `vararg` plays a bunch of games with the stack and never touches registers `x1` through `x7`. (It still uses `x0` because the first argument is not variadic.)

On the caller side, observe how `call_normal` places its values into `x0` through `x7` sequentially and then invokes the target function, while `call_vararg` places one value into `x0` and places everything else on the stack.

So, no, it looks to me like varargs very much change the calling convention.

The "exact same stack accesses" as reading arguments directly from the registers they're passed in?

Now you're playing ignorant. Feel free to substitute stack accesses with register reads, but since we're talking "variable args" I feel you're going to run out of those quickly.

I'm not playing ignorant, I'm pointing out a very real difference between reading variadic arguments with va_arg and reading normal arguments with plain code. Normal arguments typically get read straight out of their corresponding registers, whereas va_arg reads from a stack entry. It is not the exact same code and it is not the same calling convention.

Please don't say things like "This is plain false" when you say things like this which are, well, just plain false.