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Re:Petya: “I Want to Believe” by barrkel on Friday June 30, 2017 @05:09AM (#14669485)
No, that wouldn't work; you'd have to scan the disk for partition information to reconstruct it, or otherwise guess reasonable values (backup being best).
Re:Petya: “I Want to Believe” by ptero on Friday June 30, 2017 @08:23AM (#14670255)
Which does not seem like a particularly difficult task for me. Not quite trivial, not particularly quick, not guaranteed to work 100%, but for main partition types the task should be suitable as an undergraduate CS assignment.

However, as you say, having data backed up is a better solution.