A trickle of Separatists and Puritans settled New England from 1620 to 1630. Then from 1630 to 1650 many came over during a period called the Great Migration. Then the migration abruptly stopped (it stopped being uncomforatble to be a Puritan in England). So the culture stewed in its own very, very doctrinaire juices, and became homogeneous. Then it's ideas spread as the country expanded. Among those ideas is never using a word that is not written in the King James Bible, much less a swear word. Of course, there isn't a lot of logic to that choice of vocabular no matter how you analyze it, but there you are.
The Puritan church died out, but the no-drinking, no-dancing, no-card-playing version of the Congregational church survived quite nicely intact to my father's generation. (It is possible for it to wear off -- as my friends with whome I have played a game of Hearts over a few beers can attest. I'm a lousy dancer, though.)
I think the point of having words which are not supposed to be said is to create a sense of risk around using those words. Because swear words are mostly considered taboo there is a social risk to using those words (your listeners might be offended) that helps to emphasize the importance of the issue to the speaker (that they're willing to take on risk because it's important).
For example it would be acceptable in a meeting to say:
"That is a bad idea."
But if you want to add in some social risk to emphasize your point you could say:
"That is a really fucking bad idea."
The latter statement would be considered rude and unprofessional in most work settings and, depending on the social environment, could even be grounds for termination.
The other view is that without cultural pressure to restrict their use, swear words lose their gravity. Think about how many words we've gone though to express that something is very good -- we're currently on awesome.
"I legitimately don't understand the odd obsession outside the US with banning guns. Do you arbitrarily categorize certain tools as 'bad,' then you ban such tools in a lot of everyday circumstances, and therefore such tools are made pointless."
It's even funnier, because in most countries hate speech is a criminal offense. The US has the least censoring of speech of any country I know of.
Typically the standards are different from what seems to be called "hate speech" in the US. Though there are some odd laws around that should really just be removed.
I won't comment on the rest of the post, but come on.
What is the ugliness in, say, "shit", that is not present in "shot" or "sheet"?
Come to think of it, it's like an emotional mapping to auditory expression, similar to this concept I heard about many years ago https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouba/kiki_effect
I don't mean this to be insulting but rather to answer your question. I think the word "asshole" has relatively soft sounds.
i believe the common parlance is "alternative curse words"
It's largely classism. Some work environments shun people who swear to signal that they are part of a different social class that is more professional.
Imposing it from above might be an attempt to force/encourage middle or low/mid prole attitudes in one's workers in general, and to make people with such attitudes feel elevated by the notion that "we're so much more professional now!"
I haven't yet seen an analysis that points out that a lot of middle class disgust with Trump is an aversion to his lower class signals. The gold bedecked Oval Office nearly made me laugh out loud because I knew what the response would be. As Fussell would say: money is not class.
(All joking aside, perhaps trying to generalize 300+ million people is too coarse of an approach :)
Do you arbitrarily categorise words as "bad," then you ban such words in a lot of everyday circumstances, and therefore such words are made pointless.
Why even have swearing if it cannot be used? Elsewhere in the English speaking world, these are commonly used words with specific emotional attachments, in the US you "offend" people or get gasped at if you utter the forbidden phrases.
At least with certain racist phases I can understand the rational. Because you want to "discontinue" those words from existing. Not so with regular swearing.