What I know:
DNS is a server that translates domains to IP addresses. A DNS entry maps domain name to some various properties like "A entry", "AAA entry", "CNAME entry", etc., most of which I don't know what they do. DNS servers are linked together by magic, to provide a somewhat-eventually-consistent global domain->IP mapping.
What I want to know:
How the whole thing works, what DNS properties ("entries") mean exactly and why, and eventually how to run my own DNS server.
Thanks for the tips, sounds like a good starting point.
We have all clients in one network. So i really need only a simple DNS without any complex setup. But sadly i cant find any good tutorial what i have to expect and be aware of. All i can find are some three line tutorials (do this and then this and here you go, now you have a DNS), but not more. Cant you point me to some good guide ?
If you just want to see how DNS works, set up a server yourself. You could start with a simple caching one like unbound, and then get yourself a domain and set up a real server (eg. nsd or bind) for that. You could for example use Hurricane Electric's free DNS service as your main nameservers and make use of zone transfers and notifications to keep things up-to-date from your local server, giving you a small-scale "real-world" DNS setup.