The US debt is now at roughly 20 * 10^12 USD, while according to:
http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21631129...
The top 0.01% hold assets of close to 6 * 10^12 USD (371 * 10^6 * 16 * 10^3). Expand to the top 0.1 % and the number is 11.5 * 10^12 USD. Note that the article is from 2014, at the time the debt was at ~ 19 * 10^12 USD:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_St...
So simply taking everything from the top 0.1 % (not the top 1%) would cover roughly half the debt. Seems like an additional 20% taxation might make for reasonable down payment, though.
Far better would be even small levels of property tax, land value tax, and (important for 21st century) intellectual property tax. IP licensing fees are a key component of how many big businesses shuffle money into low-tax jurisdictions.
Oh, and kill the tax secrecy havens. This is already starting to happen, but it's a very long slow process.
In a book called Debt, the First 5000 years they explore this concept and uses it to explain why nations tend to independently concludes that you must have laws that regulate lending. If not you get periodical unrest where the populace go and burn down the debt ledges, and in some historical places this happened as often as once every few years. Collapse of the law don't permanently scare away investors.
Not to say that unrest and collapsing the rule of law is a good thing.
I am not however, in anyway against a larger tax on the wealthy or at the very least the elimination of tax loop holes.