The problem is just that human capital by itself does not facilitate economic growth. A look at the Soviet Union can show you that as well. The Soviets had a huge well educated population with fantastic mathematicians and everything you need to be successful, but the had almost no growth for 20 years.

I don't know a book specifically focusing on that issue, but any book on the history of economic development should have some discussion on this problem. There are good books both those that are more populist and the more academic ones. There is also the question do you want to focus on Development Economics specifically or general growth theory. One is more about how you can help somebody grow the other is more fundamentally about why growth happens.

I suggest you start view something more broad then just looking into education. A mooc like this: http://www.mruniversity.com/courses/development-economics-0

The list of books are very long. Something like "The Elusive Quest for Growth: Economists' Adventures and Misadventures in the Tropics" might be a starter. Once you get into the topic you can go in different direction. I am confident that I will also conclude that education by itself will not lead to sustained development.