If you have natural gas it makes sense, economically, to use that to heat most places in the USA.
Thorstein Chlupp / Riena LLC builds net-zero-energy homes in Fairbanks, AK. He has numerous very long (1-3 hour) videos describing his design methodology and process in detail. The homes are designed, from the sub-grade up, to be as efficient as possibly in a high-heating-need environment. He makes extensive use of thermal mass and insulation, as well as design features minimising heat loss, and maximising gain.
At the core of his homes is a a 5,000 gallon stratified thermal storage tank -- a repurposed fuel tank filled with water, and packed in roughly 1 meter of insulation on all sides. Sourced heat, from solar thermal panels, a wood stove, and other sources, is fed to this. It drives both space and water heat for the structure itself.
Walls have 18"+ insulation, all fittings are thermally isolated, heat exchanges are used on air and water transfers, etc. It's pretty impressive stuff.
For Wisconsin, you might not choose to apply all the concepts, but the idea of banking heat (or chill) in the summer (or winter) through some form of mass storage (ground, tank, other), might apply.
There are community thermal storage systems which have been designed and deployed in both Canada and Germany.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasonal_thermal_energy_stor...
He talks a lot about similar building concepts. I know he takes a lot of pride in building extremely efficient homes. I think I've listened to him talk about heat exchangers for several hours straight before.
He mentioned they can't do geothermal effectively up there because the bedrock is above the frost line. They have less than a few feet of soil in a lot of places before you get down to granite. I imagine geothermal has issues with permafrost that makes installation similarly difficult.
Thanks for the links, I'll definitely check them out.
Video search: https://m.youtube.com/results?search_query=thorstein+chlupp
These two in particular detail the design logic:
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=AtHkvpRI6fc
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Xen_VWyDezY
A fair bit of his technology comes from Germany, as does he ;-)
And there are some videos there that run less than an hour. Though I find the two listed to be well worth the time to watch -- information dense. You can skip through bits if necessary.
Geothermal heat pumps can definitely work in the portions of the upper midwest. I know some people in both MLK and Madison that have heat pumps.
As far as I understand it's hit and miss, though. Depends on the particular piece of property you're living on. And you may need an additional heat source for occasional use (e.g. the super cold winter a couple years back I know one of those folks were super glad they still had gas heating in addition to the heat pump).
> I hadn't even heard of a heat-pump until recently, which makes sense, since they seem to mostly be concentrated in warm, dry areas.
Ironically I'm the other way around. Didn't hear about heat pumps until moving north. Probably because heat pumps don't make as much financial sense in warmer climates where you're not blowing $100+/mo on heat?
Until recently I had no idea the air conditioner-like heat pumps existed, and it appears that they are only useful if you live in a place with a low dew point and relatively high minimum temperatures, since they can ice pretty easily and don't work well below a certain temperature.
Anyways, Most of the people I know with geothermal in Wisconsin have fairly large tracts of land, and still need to supplement with wood pellets or something similar. I'm not sure you could fit enough of the heat exchange loops in a typical yard in a densely populated area.
To be honest, the last time I did the math was probably about 10 years ago, but I recall vertical systems are really not cost effective if you have access to a city natural gas system unless you really like AC.
That being said, I'm renting right now, so I haven't kept close tabs on recent developments.
Edit: Also, I think heat pumps are installed in warmer climates because a dual-purpose AC that doesn't heat that well is cheaper than installing a separate fossil fuel based system, which would be overkill as well as much more expensive.
> unless you really like AC
Given changes in climate as well as obesity rates, more and more people will really like AC as time goes on, even in the coldest places.
I hadn't even heard of a heat-pump until recently, which makes sense, since they seem to mostly be concentrated in warm, dry areas.
Edit: According to Wikipedia, I'm specifically thinking of Air-source heat-pumps, which have a terrible coefficient of performance below 17 degrees Fahrenheit. Geothermal is better, though I believe you still have problems with saturation in cold climates.